Trees & tree care
Pruning standards by country: what A300, BS 3998 and AS 4373 cover
Three written standards set out what good pruning means in the United States, the United Kingdom and Australia.
Pruning, planting and plant health
Pruning and planting standards, soil and roots, plant health care and pesticide licensing, as the standards and extension services write them.
96 pages in this topic. Each guide names its sources and the date they were read.
Pruning cuts and standards
Open
Trees & tree care
Wound dressings, pruning paint and cavity filling: what extension services say
Wound paint, sealer and cavity filling are older treatments for pruning cuts and damaged trunks.
Pruning by species, season and specialist service
Trees & tree care
Disinfecting pruning tools between trees: what extension services say
Four of the five extension sheets here say pruning tools can carry some plant diseases from tree to tree.
Trees & tree care
Fruit tree pruning by crop: what extension services say about apple, pear, peach, apricot and cherry
Fruit trees are pruned on different schedules and to different shapes from shade trees.
Trees & tree care
Pollards and veteran trees: what Natural England and the Forestry Commission say
English government advice separates ancient trees from veteran trees, and the Natural England handbook on veteran trees treats pollarding as one of the main ways old trees were made and kept.
Trees & tree care
Pruning timing: what extension services and the Arboricultural Association say, by region
When to prune is where published guidance splits most.
Trees & tree care
Structural pruning of young trees: what extension and research sources say
Three sources set out how young landscape trees are trained: when it starts, how one leader is chosen, how far apart branches sit and how long the work runs.
Topping and bad pruning
Trees & tree care
Topping: what extension services and tree bodies say about it
Topping is a pruning practice that each source named here describes as harmful to trees.
Trees & tree care
Wound dressings, pruning paint and cavity filling: what extension services say
Wound paint, sealer and cavity filling are older treatments for pruning cuts and damaged trunks.
Planting and staking
Trees & tree care
Planting depth and root flare: what extension services and BS 8545 say
University of Illinois Extension calls a hole that is too deep the most common planting mistake, and the Alabama Extension sheet names planting too deeply as one of the most common causes of early tree decline.
Trees & tree care
Planting, nursery stock and soil standards by country
Each country has written standards for the trees that leave a nursery, and some for the soil they go into.
Trees & tree care
Staking and watering new trees: what extension services say
Five US publications say when a new tree is staked, how long stakes stay, and how often and how deep a new tree is watered.
Soil, mulch and roots
Trees & tree care
Mulch depth and volcano mulching: what extension services say
Nine US publications give a mulch depth and a gap to leave at the trunk.
Trees & tree care
Planting, nursery stock and soil standards by country
Each country has written standards for the trees that leave a nursery, and some for the soil they go into.
Trees & tree care
Root problems: girdling roots, compaction, deep planting and grade change
University of Maryland Extension has separate pages on four root problems: roots that circle the trunk, soil packed hard, a tree planted too deep and a soil level raised or lowered.
Trees & tree care
Trees on building sites: the protection standards
What the tree protection standards for construction cover, who publishes them, which edition is current, and what city pages say about protection zones and fencing.
Tool
Mulch volume calculator
Type an area and a depth to see the volume of a mulch layer in cubic yards and cubic metres.
Trunk injection and sprays
Law & permits
Pesticide storage, disposal, drift and complaints in Australia
What the New South Wales Environment Protection Authority and Business Queensland say about spray drift, container disposal, storage labelling, record keeping and where a pesticide misuse report goes.
Law & permits
Pesticide storage, disposal, drift and complaints in Canada
What Health Canada, Ontario and British Columbia say about drift, storage, disposal, spills and where a pesticide complaint goes.
Law & permits
Pesticide storage, disposal, drift and complaints in the United Kingdom
What the Health and Safety Executive says about storing and disposing of plant protection products, spray drift and buffer zones, and where an incident or complaint is reported.
Law & permits
Pesticide storage, disposal, drift and complaints in the United States
What EPA and one state lead agency say about the label as law, storage and disposal wording, spray drift, and where drift and misuse complaints go.
Certifications & courses
Plant health care: pesticide licences by country
What the official pages say about the licence or certificate needed to apply pesticides to trees for pay in the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, Australia and New Zealand.
Trees & tree care
Trunk injection and ash treatment: what the university bulletin and state agencies say
A multi-university bulletin describes four ways of delivering insecticide to ash trees threatened by emerald ash borer.
Directory
Pesticide licensing offices in the United States
The lead pesticide agency of each state, linked to its licensing page.
Fertilizer, growth regulators and soil amendments
Trees & tree care
Fertilizing trees and nutrient deficiencies: what three extension services say
Extension services in Maryland, South Carolina and New Hampshire all say that a healthy, mature tree in good soil needs little or no fertilizer.
Plant health care programs
Trees & tree care
Plant health care: what ISA, TCIA and EPA say it is
Plant health care is the name ISA says arborists gave to programs of routine monitoring and preventive treatment.
Tool
Degree-day calculator
Type a day's high and low and a base temperature to see the degree-days for that day by the modified average method that extension services print.
Wildlife habitat
Law & permits
Nesting seasons by country: the dates wildlife agencies publish
Agencies give bird nesting dates in very different forms: a zone table in Canada, a closed period for hedges in Ireland and Northern Ireland, a species note in the United States and no dates at all on the England bird page.
Tree biology, stress and injury
Trees & tree care
How a tree works, in plain words
The words a tree worker hears about how a tree is built and how it reacts to injury, as government, university extension and Forest Service pages use them.
Trees & tree care
Root problems: girdling roots, compaction, deep planting and grade change
University of Maryland Extension has separate pages on four root problems: roots that circle the trunk, soil packed hard, a tree planted too deep and a soil level raised or lowered.
Trees & tree care
Weather, soil and chemical damage to trees: what extension services describe
Some tree injuries come from sun, cold, water, salt, lightning or chemicals rather than from a pest.